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ADDED INFORMATION

CONTRASTING INFORMATION

TIME SEQUENCE

CAUSE AND RESULT

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ADDED INFORMATION
moreover, furthermore, in addition (often used at the beginning of a sentence)

In the production of steel, the temperature of the blast furnace must be carefully controlled. Moreover, oxygen blowing must be strictly regulated to produce the required quality of steel.

Hardy (2000) maintains that synthetic textiles such as polyester can be more ecologically justifiable than natural textiles, since they are produced by eco-efficient processes. Furthermore, he claims that natural fibres are frequently grown and harvested in non-sustainable conditions.

also (sometimes considered too weak to be used as the first word in a sentence. Most safely used immediately before the verb, after the verb "to be", or after the first word of the verb in a multiple-word verb)

He went shopping, cooked the meal, and also washed up.
Like Tuomas, I also believe that the decision was wrong
They don’t just criticise; they also make suggestions.

It’s also worth remembering that the library is open on Saturdays.
This jacket is also available in blue and green.

His former girlfriend was also called Outi.
The team left for the game, and I suspect that the coach will also have left by now.
On tonight’s news, we’ll also be hearing about the troubles in Macedonia.

in addition to, as well as (used to link 2 ideas within a sentence)

The temperature of the blast furnace, in addition to the amount of oxygen blown, must be strictly regulated to produce the required quality of steel.

They are looking for another supplier as well as their present one.

Shortcut keys can be used on the word processor in addition to the menu items.

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CONTRASTING INFORMATION
however

At one time the atom was believed to be the ultimate unit of matter. Subsequently, however, it became known that even smaller units exist.

It has been bitterly cold for a week now. However, the forecast promises milder weather for the weekend.

while, although (when stating 2 ideas in a sentence which seem to conflict.)

Although pulp washing is a complicated process, most problems can be overcome with new technology.

It is difficult to find him in his office, although he spends long hours at work.

While he put a lot of energy into organising the event, the day was spoiled by the torrential rain.

while, whereas (contrasting 2 parallel concepts or ideas in one sentence)

While some manufacturers favour recycling of used newspaper, some prefer using new pulp.

Jenny's success is based on a few brilliant career moves, whereas John has reached his position by steady hard work.

in contrast to, in comparison with, compared with, compared to 

In comparison with the old system, this new one is much more efficient.

The price of a pizza here is quite reasonable compared with the price in the pizzeria across the road.

In contrast to the more expensive, durable model, this one is fragile and liable to break.

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TIME SEQUENCE
Initially......subsequently.......finally, firstly........secondly.........lastly

The samples were initially categorised into three groups. Subsequently, an equal amount of each sample was prepared. Finally, the samples underwent analysis in the lab.

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CAUSE AND RESULT
therefore, thus, consequently, as a result, hence

We have a mixture of substances, both of which dissolve in water. Therefore, we cannot use water to separate them.

He arrived late at the airport and consequently missed his plane.

in this way, thus

Asparagus stalks can be tied into little bunches and boiled standing upright in the pan. Thus they can be cooked even if the diameter of your pot is too small to lay the asparagus flat.

She wrapped herself up in a wet blanket. In this way she was able to run through the flames and escape from the fire.

because, since

There is only one cake left. Since both of us want a piece, we can cut it in half.

He closed the door because  the noise in the corridor outside was disturbing their conversation.

X causes / results in / produces / leads to / brings about Y

A reduction of the temperature leads to a longer time for the reaction to occur.

Y is caused by / results from / is brought about by / is a result of X

A slower reaction time is a result of a reduction in the temperature.

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© S.McAnsh 1992, updated 2002