Source: E. Jeronen / personal communication

1. Must be linked to and integrated with the curriculum.
2. Requires careful selection of concepts to be learned.
3. Focus attention on what is to be learned — specify objectives and focus students on them.
4. Organize the trip in advance, and find relevant knowledge to provide scaffolding.
5. Plan activities and relevant information prior to field trip to reduce "novelty space" [cognitive preparation – geographical-biological-environmental educational preparation – psychological-social preparation].
6. Focus on concrete activities which cannot be conducted effectively in the classroom; process-oriented approach.
7. Pace of learning is continuous and flexible.
8. Students move around and participate actively using all five sensory modalities.
9. Students generate information, rather than receive it, and construct their own records of the scene.
10. Assessment or evaluation is congruent with teaching/learning strategies used on the trip.

References:

Cf. Janet J. Woerner, California State University, San Bernardino. http://www.ed.psu.edu/CI/Journals/1999AETS/Woerner.rtf .